This paper is about metric and partition dimension of a flower and a pencil graph. A metric dimension of G, denoted by dim(G), is the minimum cardinality of any resolving set of G. A partition dimension of G, denoted by pd(G), is the minimum number of sets in any resolving k-ordered partition for G. Here we give the exact value of the metric dimension of a flower graph fm×n for m ∈ {3, 4} and a pencil graph Pcm for any integer m ≥ 2. We also give the partition dimension of fm×n for m ∈ {3, 4, 5} and Pcm for any integer m ≥ 2.

For $n \ge 2t+1$ where $t \ge 1$, the circulant graph $C_n (1, 2, \dots , t)$ consists of the vertices $v_0, v_1, v_2, \dots , v_{n-1}$ and the edges $v_i v_{i+1}$, $v_i v_{i+2}, \dots , v_i v_{i + t}$, where $i = 0, 1, 2, \dots , n-1$, and the subscripts are taken modulo $n$. We prove that the metric dimension ${\rm dim} (C_n (1, 2, \dots , t)) \ge \left\lceil \frac{2t}{3} \right\rceil + 1$ for $t \ge 5$, where the equality holds if and only if $t = 5$ and $n = 13$. Thus ${\rm dim} (C_n (1, 2, \dots , t)) \ge \left\lceil \frac{2t}{3} \right\rceil + 2$ for $t \ge 6$. This bound is sharp for every $t \ge 6$.

Maritime delimitation disputes arise when conflicts of jurisdiction between two or more coastal states interfere. Thus, given the importance of marine areas mentioned various aspects of strategic, political, social, cultural and especially economic as well as bond issues of maritime delimitation with national interests and security of the states, have made the coastal state to claim a greater share of marine areas. but the main challenges are not only about international rules about maritime delimitation also about the nature and characteristics of these disputes. The diversity, the magnitude of the characteristics and the multiplicity of maritime delimitation issues, especially regarding the geographic features of the coasts, require a special need for the resolution of such disputes. In this research, it is attempted to educate the definition of international arbitration tribunals regarding disputes relating to the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the characteristics of these tribunals, as well as the training of concepts related to the delimitation of maritime boundaries, describing how they function in these cases and how developments are taking place in this field.

Topological indices are graph invariants most suitable for underlined structures of chemical compounds. Most of the topological indices are defined on the well-known graph concepts such as degree of a vertex, distances, eccentricity of a vertex etc. In this paper, new type of degree of a vertex is defined with the aid of resolving property of the graph as the minimum cardinality of a resolving set containing that vertex. The mathematical properties of this newly defined degree is established with the help of standard graphs and an attempt to analyze its applicability in chemical compounds are carried by taking silicate structures.

The increase in construction contracts in recent decades has increased the necessity of creating dispute resolution methods in this field that are appropriate to the requirements of this type of contract. Different methods for resolving disputes are considered in construction contracts. The use of dispute resolution methods due to its non-judicial approach can help to resolve disputes quickly and reduce costs. The nature of construction contracts requires that disputes be resolved quickly and sometimes at the site of the project. In this research, while examining the terms of dispute resolution in Article 53 of the general terms of the contract and comparing it with the terms of dispute resolution in the FIDIC contract, the shortcomings and loopholes in Article 53 of the general terms of the contract will be presented, and suggestions will be made to amend this article.

The development of international transactions and the commercial exploitation of intellectual property has increased the necessity of creating dispute resolution methods in the field of intellectual property in accordance with international requirements. The parties to the dispute are looking for efficient, flexible, and low-cost dispute resolution mechanisms that will not disrupt their business relations. This is despite the fact that intellectual property disputes often lead to long and expensive lawsuits due to the territorial nature, diversity of rights, and technical complexities that result from the integration of different fields such as artificial intelligence with other fields, which is not favorable for the courts and litigants. Therefore, intellectual property rights holders have turned to methods that are more under the control and management of the disputing parties to resolve disputes. The special features of intellectual property rights and its lawsuits, such as territoriality, the specialization of intellectual property issues, conflicts in the jurisdiction of courts, widespread violations in different jurisdictions, the importance of confidentiality, the length of the process, and the huge costs of international proceedings. The lack of an international convention on the enforcement of intellectual property judgments is one of the most important reasons that has affected the efficiency of judicial proceedings in these cases. Non-judicial dispute resolution methods, which mainly have fewer formalities and costs and are faster, reduce many of these problems. Among the non-judicial methods, mediation has the advantage of considering the characteristics of intellectual property, and compared to other methods, it is more successful in resolving these disputes. The interdisciplinary nature of most intellectual property claims and the need for various expertise to resolve disputes and the possibility of examining complex intellectual property cases, especially patent claims, by technical experts in the shortest time compared to other methods and often at a much lower cost, territorial nature of intellectual property rights and solving the problem of conflict in the jurisdiction of national and international courts and reducing the risk of issuing conflicting opinions, reducing the damage of the owner of the intellectual work due to the urgency and speed of mediation in resolving the dispute, focusing on the mutual interests of the parties and resolving the dispute amicably and, as a result, maintaining the commercial relations of the parties in long-term contracts that sometimes cover the entire period of protection of intellectual property, the suitability of the rapid development of technology, and the rapid diffusion of intellectual properties due to their intangible nature with the speed of dispute resolution in mediation compared to the slowness of judicial proceedings, extraordinary flexibility in the dispute resolution process and the possibility of adopting creative solutions such as concluding a license agreement, technology transfer, integration, cooperation in research and development, and agreement on the division of patent within a specific territorial area instead of being limited to the specific Judicial decisions such as revocation, financial damage, and etc. are the advantages of this method in solving intellectual property disputes compared to other alternative methods. Also, privacy and confidentiality and maintaining the technical and commercial secrets of the parties, avoiding the reinterpretation of the claim in court and the risk of narrowing the claims, reducing the risk of patent invalidation, avoiding the research process, and obtaining the opinions of multiple experts due to the complexities of intellectual property claims, especially patent lawsuits and its costs, complete control of the parties on the determination of proceedings and the absence of legal dates and deadlines, being held in a single stage and with quick results, lack of legal obligation of the parties to accept the mediator's recommendations and suggestions, and the optionality of the procedure that leads to the parties not resorting to useless tricks or objections to slow down or create obstacles in the mediation process. Another reason is the effectiveness of mediation in resolving intellectual property disputes. A field research has been prepared to answer the question of what functions the mediation institution has to resolve intellectual property disputes and it comes to the conclusion that mediation is effective in all aspects of the conflict, including judicial and non-judicial elements such as commercial interests, feelings, and other conditions of companions. Considering the dispute and empowering the parties, it allows them to find the right solution based on their special interests and needs. Therefore, it can be said that although dispute resolution through mediation is not considered the only appropriate method for resolving intellectual property disputes, it has desirable functions and is efficient in most of these disputes.

Let $G$ be a connected graph and $W=\{w_1, w_2,\ldots,w_k\}$ be an ordered subset of vertices of $G$. For any vertex $v$ of $G$, the ordered $k$-vector $$r(v|W)=(d(v,w_1), d(v,w_2),\ldots,d(v,w_k))$$ is called the metric representation of $v$ with respect to $W$, where $d(x,y)$ is the distance between the vertices $x$ and $y$. A set $W$ is called a resolving set for $G$ if distinct vertices of $G$ have distinct metric representations with respect to $W$. The minimum cardinality of a resolving set for $G$ is its metric dimension denoted by $\dim(G)$. A resolving set $W$ is called a non-isolated resolving set for $G$ if the induced subgraph $\langle W\rangle$ of $G$ has no isolated vertices. The minimum cardinality of a non-isolated resolving set for $G$ is called the non-isolated resolving number of $G$ and denoted by $nr(G)$. The aim of this paper is to find properties of unicyclic graphs that have non-isolated resolving number $2$ and then to characterize all these graphs.

A core assumption of classic linguistics —the arbitrariness of the sign— states that the sound of a word per se has no inherent semantic content, nor does it play any role in shaping the meaning of words. However, a growing body of work has provided evidence that the sound of a word can carry subtle cues to its meaning and that sound-meaning association in vocabulary is a general property of human language, which plays a crucial role for both phylogenetic language evolution and ontogenetic language development. In the affective domain, recent empirical results suggest how a word sounds (e.g., soft vs. harsh) can convey affective information (e.g., pleasantness vs. harshness), which can interact with the words’ semantic content. This talk focuses on the cognitive and neural bases of sound-meaning associations in the affective domain, termed “affective iconicity.” This study will present results that address the two main questions i) Does the sound of words (i.e., phonemes, acoustic features) evoke affective responses observable at the behavioral and neural levels? ii) Does the sound of words influence the processes of meaning-making and semantic decisions in the affective domain? The results of these studies were used to upgrade the standard models of language processing by conceiving corresponding modules responsible for the interactive effect of sound and meaning during the affective evaluation of words.

In this article, the authors have studied the phenomenon of hiatus of vowels and some approaches to resolve it in central Kurdish through descriptive-analytical method and have analyzed collected data in the framework of optimality theory. Analyzing the data which consists of about 80 simple, morphological, and compound words, shows that the most commonly used method used by central Kurdish speakers for this purpose is the glide formation process. In addition to glide formation, the vowel deletion process is only used in cases where two short vowels are located in the vicinity, due to the unauthorized glide formation-out of the open vowels. The analysis of the collected data for this study, based on the principles governing optimal phonological theory, shows that in central Kurdish, because there is no syllable without an onset the hiatus is not permitted and speakers of central Kurdish use glide formation and deletion processes to resolve hiatus of vowels. Finally, the constraints governing glide formation are determined as * OCP "IDENT-F (ROUND)" IDENT and the restrictions governing deletion are set to * OCP, GF (+ LOW), M. MAX "IDENT and Ranked.